Hypertext and Literary Study Essays -- Literature Education English Te

Hypertext and Literary Study Hypertextual fiction (hyperfiction) and other hypertext applications are making their way into the literature courses where, Professor Larry Friedlander says, â€Å"learning has basically meant the study of texts,† in the form of the â€Å"printed word† (257). And these newer works, inseparable from their contemporary technologies, offer the possibility of a very different type of literary study than the one most English majors experience in traditional literature courses. Print and book technology perpetuate and validate linear experience, thought, and narratives, which buttresses a hierarchical educational structure that shapes the roles of writers, readers, teachers, and students. Challenging our trust in the order and logic of linear narratives, linear cause-and-effect thought processes, the authority of the individual author, and our common dependence on the stability of the printed text, hyperfiction requires the interaction of the reader to decide the story, i ncorporates multimedia elements, and promotes associative thought processes. Whereas the print tradition supports the power of the author over the text, the text over the reader, and the teacher over the student—as the interlocutor to the domain of literary discourse and study—hypertext fiction empowers student interpretations, even requires them, distributing authority among the author, reader, teacher, and student. To understand how print technology precipitates specific social consequences for the structure of literary study, we must consider the print tradition as part of a culture in which ideological and political choices have been made that effect learning and thinking. In other words, we must situate print in its social context, ... ...rt Moulthrop’s Hypertext Novel Victory Garden.† Contemporary Literature 41, No. 4 (Winter 2000): 642-60. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnets.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 1, 6 ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993. Slatin, John. â€Å"Reading Hypertext: Order and Coherence in a New Medium.† Hypermedia and Literary Studies. Edited by George P. Landow and Paul Delaney. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1994. Swiss, Thomas. â€Å"Electronic Literature: Discourses, Communities, Traditions.† Memory Bytes: History, Technology, and Digital Culture. Edited by Lauren Rabinovitz and Abraham Geil. Durham: Duke UP, 2004. Vielstimmig, Myka. â€Å"Petals on a Wet Black Bough: Textuality, Collaboration, and the New Essay.† Passions, Pedagogies, and the 21st Century Technologies. Edited by Gail Hawisher and Cynthia Selfe. Logan: Utah State UP, 1999.

The Significance Of The Philadelphia Convention

Despite its comparatively condensed existence, America has swiftly scaled the summit of world power. This could not have been accomplished without the written constitution that was drawn up at the legendary Philadelphia convention. The convention was a secretive gathering, which brought together representatives of twelve of the thirteen states for the â€Å"sole and express purpose of revising the articles of confederation†. It began in May 1787, having been proposed the previous year at an assembly in which five states took part. Fifty-five state representatives took part, although there were rarely more than thirty-five at any one session. It was held in the State House at Philadelphia; â€Å"the city of brotherly love†, an appropriate location for the establishment of the new America. The delegates worked in small groups, six days a week, five to six hours a day, under the experienced gaze of presiding officer George Washington. After four months of exhausting talks, the delegates emerged having drawn up a completely rewritten constitution that now required ratification from nine states to come into effect. Removal of British rule had left America without an effective government. Although the articles of confederation had been devised to replace the British government in America, they were â€Å"nothing more than a treaty of amity, of commerce and of alliance between independent and sovereign states. It was soon apparent that the articles were unable to adequately overcome the problems that arose. Many leading figures became anxious over this issue and the need for reconsideration ensued. The convention acknowledged this and allowed the opportunity for the most prominent figures in America to rectify the predicament. In early post-independent America, many unforeseen difficulties had occurred. Disputes over trade routes and in particular war debt repayment had materialised due to separate state government. Between 1785 and 1786 seven states had issued paper money, which quickly became worthless, to repay their debts. In certain states, creditors were even compelled to accept the paper money. The central government had to rely on state generosity for its funds and authority, and a unanimous vote if key decisions were to be passed, which did not function satisfactorily due to self-interest. This rendered America as a mere collection of isolated states, vulnerable to attack by natives or rival colonists. The disjointed effort of states to solve their individual problems was becoming worryingly uncoordinated. The short-term trigger of Shays†s rebellion embodied these flaws. Massachusetts had raised taxes to repay its debts, and this hit the poor (who were already struggling in the aftermath of the war of independence) hard. Daniel Shays†s, a discontented war veteran turned farmer, led a mob consisting of over one thousand equally dissatisfied farmers in an assault on the Springfield armoury. Although easy put down, the incident had caused widespread concern over America†s weaknesses, resulting in the necessity for the convention and the changes it would incur. America†s problems in the mid 1780†³s stemmed from an inadequate central government. Due to a lack of control over states and individuals, congress was incapable to regulate America†s economy sufficiently, neither was it empowered to effectively defend not only its territory but also the rights of the individual. Thus the convention was significant as it intended to address the causes of these problems, not the symptoms. Thomas Jefferson, though absent from the convention serving as an envoy to France, played his part. He famously assigned the description â€Å"an assembly of demi-gods† to the gathering. Although this may not have been entirely appropriate, the delegates were certainly formidable; among their number such legends as Franklin, Hamilton, Madison and Washington were to be found. The extensive reputations and abilities of these men are tribute to the importance and prominence of the convention. The collective qualities of the convention also included diversity; there were federalists and anti-federalists, speakers and listeners, idealists and realists. Most of the delegates were comparatively young like James Madison; the average age was forty-four, but there remained ample room for experience in the form of Benjamin Franklin among others. George Washington played a substantial role at the convention. Being revered Commander-in-Chief of the victorious American army during the war of independence augmented his already impressive national stature. He commanded colossal respect over his fellow Americans, demonstrated by his immediate and unanimous election as presiding officer at the convention. He applied this influence wisely, quickly settling disputes and safeguarding America†s best interests while maintaining the atmosphere of goodwill. As a fledgling nation, divided into states and possessing only a loose political system, America was in need of a formal and comprehensive but flexible and durable document under which it was to be run. The convention recognised this fact and accordingly created the Constitution of the United States. The constitution compromised the authority of state and federal governments; for every branch of federal government there was a corresponding arm of each states† government. The constitution also handed supreme power to the central government; the right of individual states to make treaties, coin money, declare war or maintain an army and it required approval from the federal government over regulation of trade. Federal law took precedence, and congress now had sufficient power over taxes, defence, commerce and legislation. The supreme federal court also had the power to overrule the decisions made by state judiciaries, although states still retained everyday management of their legal systems. Although the federal government now had supreme power and authority over important areas such as defence, it was generally perceived that the states would be predominant in organising and managing themselves, albeit under the supervision of the federal government. It was also necessary to compromise over the issue of state representation. To satisfy both larger and smaller states, the house of representatives was to be based upon a system of proportional representation while each state would be equally represented in the senate. These concessions were acceptable to both small states such as New Jersey and larger states like Virginia and thus one of the most frequently debated issues of the convention was settled. The constitution created a sufficiently robust federal government that was now able to rectify the previous difficulties over taxes, debts, security, law and the economy. Although the American system was now comparatively democratic, it was not excessively so; only one-in-six adult males could vote so the fears of democracy arriving too abruptly were allayed. Both state and federal governments were to be deftly balanced. Each branch of government was responsible for regulating the others and could never possess a dominance of authority. For example, the president could make most key decisions, but could be overruled by the senate if the vote was adequate. He possessed much authority but due to the democratic method by which he was elected, it was unlikely that he would abuse it and congress were able to remove him if it proved necessary. Thus the constitution was also engineered to avoid its abuse and ensure that no section of America†s government could grow too powerful. America†s future as a viable nation hung in the balance following its political severance from Britain. Its governmental system was previously untried and thus susceptible to defects. The situation in the North American continent was potentially a very difficult one. There were huge expanses of land mainly to the east still under contention from Indians, the French and the Spanish. Europe was undergoing a great many changes; consequently America†s links with Europe would possibly be compromised. Thus America needed a strong position with which to confront forthcoming problems, and the new constitution provided this.

Hills Like White Elephants Essay

Hills Like White Elephants tells the story of a woman, Jig, and a man known only as the American, sitting in a train station. Though the story is brief, it has much to say. When reading the story for the first time its full effect doesn’t set in. By taking a closer look and rereading the story, a bigger situation is revealed other than what seems to be a dull conversation. Jig is pregnant and the American man is pressuring her into having an abortion. The little details in the story, some which may slip by you, symbolize the man and woman’s situation. The story takes place in a train station in Spain. The whole story is set around Jig and the American man waiting on the train to arrive. But it isn’t really the train they are waiting on, its answers. They are stuck at a crossroad like a train. Which direction to go? Which train tracks to go down? In other words which path do they choose for their future? Should she keep the baby or should she give in to the man’s pressuring. At the end of the story the American man â€Å"looked up the tracks but could not see the train. † That could be interpreted as the man not seeing what his future holds. It also means that he doesn’t know when the couple’s answers will come and be solved if they ever are. Although the train symbolizes the choice in a path it also symbolizes time. â€Å"the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes†. Time moves quickly through the story because what seems to be a short conversation takes up most of the time they had before the train was to arrive. By the end of the story there is only 5 minutes until the train comes. The train like Jig and the man’s life is moving rather quickly. The train suggests that they don’t have much time to decide on what they’re going to do about the baby. Jig compares the hills that surround the train station to white elephants. â€Å"They look like white elephants she said. † In response the man says â€Å"I’ve never seen one. † In which she replies â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have. † In this case white elephants symbolize a situation that is unavoidable. Like in the phrase â€Å"the elephant in the room†, the elephant is big and almost impossible to avoid. Jig and the man’s situation is an elephant in the room. No matter how hard they try to dodge their problem, it’s always going to be there. The lines quoted above also suggest that Jig feels that the man never had to deal with something as substantial as this life changing decision. When reading a piece of literature some things may seem to slip by us. For example when reading Hills Like White Elephants the waitress puts the drinks down on felt pads. When reading it’s for the first time, the felt pads are just coasters and the drink is just a drink. But when rereading the short story the felt pads represent more, they symbolize an intake of feelings, thoughts and personal opinions. And what seems to be a simple alcoholic drink can be interpreted as bottled up emotions. â€Å"The woman brought out two glasses of beer and two felt pads. She put the felt pads and the beer glasses on the table and looked at the man and the girl. † A coasters purpose is to catch the drips of water that condensates from cold beverages. In this case the drips that came from the cold beer can represent all the emotions that Jig and the man were feeling about their situation that were finally released during their conversation. All those emotions and thought were captured and soaked up by the felt pad. By the end â€Å"the woman came out through the curtains with two glasses of beer and put them down on the damp felt pads. † The felt pad represents how Jig and the American man intake each others feelings. The felt pads are damp in the end because so many emotions were taken in. The bead curtains separate the man and Jig from the bar and its main purpose is â€Å"to keep out flies. † The bead curtains are transparent meaning that both Jig and the man are able to see through them. The bead curtain symbolizes a problem that both Jig and the American man can see but are unable to reach a solution to. They can’t reach a solution because of a barrier which is also represented by the curtains. The barrier separates Jig and the man. â€Å"The girl looked at the bead curtain, put her hand out and took hold of two of the strings of beads. † This seems to be Jigs way of trying to understand the man view; she takes hold of the barrier but doesn’t quite go through. Although Hills Like White Elephants seems like a shorts story with not much to it, when reread numerous times, the story becomes much more. The little details that aren’t very noticeable when read the first time become the backbone of what the story is truly about. The symbols in the story suggest meanings that are larger than itself. The story of what’s thought to be a mundane conversation between a man and woman turns out to be a conversation about a life changing situation.

Email Matters

Email Matters Email Matters Email Matters By Maeve Maddox The ease of dashing off an email is both a convenience and a deadly snare. Emails are not as public as a Twitter tweet, but can lead to grief for the unwary. We’ve all heard the horror stories of the jokester who says something outrageous intended for the eyes of a friend, and then hits the â€Å"Reply All† button by mistake. Because there’s always the chance that an email might go astray, the best practice is what I call the â€Å"Klingon rule†: Don’t say anything in an email that you don’t want a third party to read. (I think it was General Chang in StarTrek VI who said he never uttered anything he wouldn’t want to be overheard. Klingons are always under surveillance.) One way to avoid embarrassing situations with clients or employers is to make a habit of treating every email with care, even the ones you dash off to your friends. Human frailty being what it is, there’s probably no way to avoid saying or typing something stupid at some time or another, but a few tips can save some embarrassment. Common courtesy is the key to writing an email that won’t come back to bite you. Courtesy when writing an email means considering such things as the fact that not everyone can read tiny type or understand texting abbreviations. Depending upon the recipient, sloppy English or attempts at humor can prove deal breakers. In these tippy-toe times of political correctness, it doesn’t take much to offend some people. No one, however, is likely to take offence at standard usage and conventional formatting. Email Address A snappy email handle may amuse your friends, but if you use your account for business as well as social correspondence, you may want to avoid choosing a handle like redhotpapa or partygirl. As the first thing the recipient sees, it can affect the spirit in which the message is received. Subject Line Put something meaningful in the subject line. Be as specific as possible, even for your friends. Instead of â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello,† type something that refers to the message. No one enjoys having to sort through hundreds of emails in order to double check one of them. Font Leave the fancy script and colored text for homemade greeting cards. Choose an easy-to-read font and a dark font color. Dark blue is all right, but black is better. Red is the hardest color to read. Big is better than small. Use a minimum of 12-point. Upper- and Lower-case Use lowercase type with capitals where capitals are called for. Lowercase is easier to read than all caps, but don’t go to extremes and omit capitals altogether. Friends may not mind, but a business colleague may interpret lack of capitalization as evidence of lack of education or energy. Spelling Spell correctly. Use conventional abbreviations. Save texting code for texting. Punctuation It’s easy enough to misinterpret a written message. Reread what you have written before hitting Send. See if the addition of a comma or other punctuation might make your meaning clearer. Salutation Begin your email with the recipient’s name. For a friend or associate, the first name is the obvious salutation. Otherwise, use the full name. I don’t often see â€Å"Dear So-and-So† in electronic correspondence; beginning with the name alone is sufficient. Close The way you end your email will depend upon your relationship with the recipient and the nature of the email. If you are reporting bad news or responding to it, you’re not going to close by writing â€Å"Cheers† or â€Å"Have a nice day.† Here are some options: Best, Best regards, Best wishes, Cheers, Cordially, Kindest regards, I remain yours truly, Regards, Sincerely, Take care, Thanks again, Warmest regards, Yours. If you have asked someone to do something time-consuming for you, your close can be even longer: Thanks for your time and consideration. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"50 Idioms About Roads and PathsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essayMarillyn Hewson is an outstanding and influential business leader, whose experience, skills and knowledge are reflected in successful strategic management practices. Marillyn Hewson is well-known as a business leader, whose major goal is to develop effective strategies aimed at provide advanced technology systems, effective products and services designed for defense, and distributed at local and international levels (Censer, 2012). Marillyn A. Hewson was born in1954, in Junction City, Kansas. Today she is 60, but continues to serve for Lockheed Martin, holding the positions of Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Lockheed Martin. Based on the official data provided by Bloomberg Businessweek (2014), â€Å"Ms. Marillyn A. Hewson has been the Chief Executive Officer and President at Lockheed Martin Corporation since January 1, 2013 and its Chairman since January 1, 2014† (p. 1). According to Forbes, in 2014, she was listed as the 21-st most influential woman in the business world. She is American. Marillyn Hewson states she always believed in her career success, which depends on the individual’s ability to manage his/her own professional growth, being able to take risks, experience failures, but staying open to new and creative ideas. Her father died when she was 9. Her mother had to raise five children herself. Marillyn Hewson says, â€Å"Self-reliance and taking responsibility were traits I had to learn very early in life† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005, p.1). She is married. Her family is not too large. She has two sons, Marillyn and James (25 and 22 years old).Highest educational levelMarillyn Hewson earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. Later she earned her Master of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Alabama. She also attended some other educational institutions, including Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School in order to achie ve high professionalism in business. She chose the Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School executive development programs, which provided opportunities for successful executive assessment and development. Marillyn Hewson believes that education plays an important role in the life of any individual, who wants to achieve success in business career. Her philosophy is â€Å"Perform at your best on today’s job, go for the experience, and the opportunities will follow† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). She uses her education and experience to plan investments in new areas, including water purification systems, combating cybercrime, and boosting international growth (Lockheed Martin Corp (LMT: New York), 2014, October 17).III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First jobThe first job of Marillyn Hewson was connected with her degree in Economics. She served as an Economist at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Her role was concluded in providing the comprehensive s tudy of the production and distribution of   various resources, goods, and services by means of data collection and data analysis,   researching trends, and evaluating the basic economic issues. Marillyn Hewson had an opportunity to work with occupational and career information, dealing with employment and unemployment statistical data and reports, as well as analyzing the proper information on wage, earnings and benefits. Undoubtedly, the professional skills she obtained at her first job contributed to her further success in business career (Marillyn A. Hewson, 2014). In addition, her first job helped her to learn more about what workers do on the job, assess their working conditions and the impact of them on productivity. She realized that training and education are necessary to obtaining high quality specialists. Moreover, she realized that the earnings play an important role in employees’ motivation and performance. In general, her first job influenced her further car eer plans and employment opportunities (Thompson, 2014). Current job title and company Marillyn Hewson entered Lockheed in 1983. She started to work with Lockheed Martin as a Senior Industrial Engineer employed to work on military aircraft in Marietta, Ga. She was involved in a new program that provided massive opportunities for Marillyn Hewson’s advancement. Soon she managed to take on supervisory duties and responsibilities. Today Lockheed Martin is well-known as a global defense company that employs more than 140,000 employees worldwide. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, MD. Marillyn Hewson has developed the proper strategies to assist the company in researching, design practices, development opportunities, manufacturing, integration and sustainment of effective technological systems, products and services. During her 31 years of career with Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has held different positions, mainly operational leadership positions like â€Å"President of Lockheed Martin Systems Integration; Executive Vice President of Global Sustainment for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics; President and General Manager of Kelly Aviation Center, L.P., an affiliate of Lockheed Martin; and President of Lockheed Martin Logistics Services. She has also served in key corporate executive roles, including Senior Vice President of Corporate Shared Services; Vice President of Global Supply Chain Management; and Vice President of Corporate Internal Audit† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). Within Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has earned good reputation for being warm, honest and personable. When she held the position of Chief Executive Officer of the company at the beginning of 2013, she realized that Lockheed Martin, one of the biggest defense companies of the world, had the â€Å"strongest portfolio, the best reputation, and the most promising prospects of any enterprise in the defense business† (Thompson, 2014, p.1). In fact, she became the first woman to run the company, holding the position of Chairman of Lockheed Martin. She succeeded in her professional career due to her innate discipline and self-determination. Today Marillyn Hewson knows that the future success of the company depends on â€Å"keeping shareholders rewarded, customers satisfied, employees engaged and competitors at bay† (Thompson, 2014, p.1).Marillyn Hewson’s charitable interests include the Women’s Legacy. She is focused on promoting the initiatives that provide early childhood care/education, developing the proper strategies aimed at preventing child abuse/ neglect, and providing assistance to women in achieving economic security. The Women’s Legacy’s mission is to honor the lives of women, providing the opportunities to inspire women to live happily.   There are some other charitable interests. She supports charitable donations of her employees. According to recent research, â€Å"Lockheed Martin employees broke throug h their goal of $950,000 and exceeded the $1 million mark in pledges to the charity or charitable agency of their choice through payroll deduction in 2009† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).   In general, the company motivated employees to pledge $1,031,798 to charities. Marillyn Hewson continues to encourage her employees to charitable donations. She says, â€Å"I am proud of our employees’ commitment to strengthening the Southern Tier through their philanthropic contributions and volunteer efforts† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).

Practice Identifying Subject and Object Complements

Practice Identifying Subject and Object Complements In our article on complements, we discussed subject complements, which follow a linking verb and provide additional information about the subject of the sentence. The subject complement is normally a noun or an adjective that defines or renames the subject in some way. We also learned about object complements, which follow and modify a direct object and provide additional information about it. An object complement can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective. To easily understand it, think of it this way: Subject complements and object complements fill out and complete our sentences. Object complements provide more detail about the object of a sentence, while subject complements provide information about the subject to a sentence. In this exercise, you will learn to identify subject complements and object complements in sentences. Instructions for Practice Exercise Identify the complement in each of the following sentences, and note whether it is a subject complement or an object complement. When you are done, compare your answers, which appear below the test. Pablo is extremely intelligent.I find him intelligent.Shyla eventually became my best friend.Our neighbors dogs are very dangerous.Gingers hair dye turned the water pink.After our disagreement on the first day of school, Jenny became my friend for life.We painted the ceiling blue.You are making me sad.Paula is a good dancer.Dorothy named her parakeet Onan.Known as the father of the Texas blues, Blind Lemon Jefferson was a popular entertainer in the 1920s.The gift Karen gave her brother was a hamster.Buck grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert horse rider before reaching his 18th birthday.  I once considered Nancy my fiercest enemy.After reviewing the details  of the case, the  court pronounced the boy not guilty.By the second month of the drought, the river had run dry. Answers Pablo is extremely  intelligent. (subject complement)I find him  intelligent. (object complement)Shyla eventually became my best  friend.  (subject complement)Our neighbors dogs are very dangerous. (subject complement)Gingers hair dye turned the water  pink. (object complement)After our disagreement on the first day of school, Jenny became my  friend  for life. (subject complement)We painted the ceiling  blue. (object complement)You are making me  sad. (object complement)Paula is a good  dancer. (subject complement)Dorothy named her parakeet  Onan. (object complement)Known as the father of the Texas blues, Blind Lemon Jefferson was a popular  entertainer  in the 1920s. (subject complement)The gift Karen gave her brother was a  hamster. (subject complement)Buck grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert  horse rider  before reaching his 18th birthday.  (subject complement)I once considered Nancy my fiercest  enemy.  (object complement)After reviewin g the details of the case, the  court pronounced the boy  not guilty.  (object complement) By the second month of the drought, the river had run  dry. (subject complement)​

Programming with Alice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Programming with Alice - Assignment Example Alice does not have primitive methods to perform front left leg up and front left leg down. It is therefore required that the code for this movement be designed. Elegant design requires that methods are kept from being too large. To maintain a small size for the methods, additional methods are added to do the small tasks. The following is done A loop is implemented at the point where the mouse takes a step ahead of the mouse. This loop ensures that whenever the mouse takes a step the cat takes another step of the same magnitude so that the mouse is always one step ahead of the cat. The next step is transforming the storyboard into program code. The first action of the storyboard is the mouse turns to see the cat. The first method is therefore turn to face. We use the turn to face to make the mouse turn to look in the direction of the cat. The next step is the cat taking one step away from the cat. We use the move away method. Alice contains control statements that are vital in controlling movements. In the cat chase program the cat moves away from the cat while the cat moves towards the mouse. The control statement Do in order is used to tell Alice to first make the cat look at the mouse and the mouse move away from the cat. Other actions must be done together. When the front right leg is up for example, the front left leg must be held down. To achieve this functionality Alice is told to Do this actions together through the DO together control statement. To implement this program into Alice a scene must first be created. The initial scene is a room (Farooq, 2012). The intention of the cat is to catch the mouse. It should follow it while the mouse should always be one step ahead of the cat. We select the room scene and then a cat and a mouse. The next stage is in the program code editor. The code that makes the program is written. In Alice the program code editor is at the bottom right of the main window. The instructions are edited in the area