Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace -- Argumentative Persuasive Internet E

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace Government Restrictions on Content in the United States of America(this essay is wanting(p) the url of each source cited)Information wants to be free. The internet fosters free speech on a global scale.1 IntroductionThe Internet provides a accession for an individual to speak freely and anonymously without being targeted to what he or she said. With this said, one of the biggest issues concerning the Internet today is freedom of speech. The issue of free speech on the Internet has been a topic of discussion around the existence within the past years. It is a unique communication medium and is powerful than the traditional media2. Because the Internet can not be compared equally to other mediums of communication, it deserves the utmost freedom of speech protection from the government. The restriction of speech on the Internet takes away from individuals rights and freedom from experiencing the Internets benefits and uses. Information found on the Internet is endless and boundless and this poses the question, should the government be allowed to regulate the information and content being transmitted or affix online? Free Speech on the InternetFree speech on the Internet is a very controversial subject and has been the key problem meet the Internet today. The attempt to regulate and govern the Internet is still pursued by government officials. This subject has been intensified due to terrorist attacks against the United States and around world within the past years. The government believes that by regulating the Internet, it will protect the general public from criminal actions and eliminate the exposure of children to pornography or utter(a) language. Senator Jim Exon of ... ...eved 27 April 2004. Rosenthal, Elisabeth. China Lists Controls To Restrict the Use Of E-mail and Web. The spick-and-span York Times, 27 January 2000. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Smith, Craig, Tough New Rules Dont Faze Chinese Internet Start-Ups, The New York Times, 4 October 2000. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Stewart, William. Key Internet Features - Freedom of Speech. Living Internet. Retrieved 20 April 2004. Unknown Author. An Overview of the communication theory Decency Act (CDA). Center for Democracy & Technology. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Unknown Author. Communications Decency Act. Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved 26 April 2004. Unknown Author. Communications Decency Act. Wikipedia. Retrieved 25 April 2004. Unknown Author. Introduction to Ethics. Engineering Handbook. Retrieved 20 April 2004.

Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Essay -- Terrorism

Fatal Dilemma Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological WeaponEver since the dawn of biotechnology, the knowledge base had to face a new dilemma bioterrorism. Using biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., bioterrorism attack aims to cause illness of death in people, animals, or plants as a method of warfare. Used throughout history, biological subdivision serves as a pivotal role in disarming an army. Botulism toxin, known for the well-nigh toxic substance in the biological world, has been used throughout history as a biological weapon. The bacteria Clostridium botulinum causes botulism causes botulism disease, which is a dangerous paralytic illness that strikes all age groups. The clinical forms of botulism include foodborne botulism, infant botulism, and wound botulism. Botulism, if left untreated, is fatal however, even treatment with antiserum can not permit full recovery. Botulism is rare a disease. Therefore, if anyone is diagnosed with foodborne botu lism, investigation of food supply must be carried out promptly for investigation of the botulism-diagnosed-individuals surrounding is the only method of detect a potential bioterrorism attack. With the continuous advancements in biomedicine follows a continuous proliferation of bioterrorism, which uses biological agents for malicious purposes (Anderson 2). More specifically, bioterrorism is a method of terrorism that measuredly releases or disseminates biological weapons that may be in natural occurring or human-modified form (Botulism- Definition). Although bioterrorism is considered as a recent dilemma, the use of biological weapon predates recorded history, during the ancient times where biological toxins were extracted from plants and animals and ap... ... Oct 2001. Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Department of Health and Human Services. 21 Jul 2007 . Fong, I.W., and Ken Alibek. Bioterrorism and infective Agents. New York Springer Science and Business Media, 2005.Hurlbert, R.E.. Biological Weapons Malignant Biology. 1997. 21 July 2007 hurlbert/micro101/pages/101biologicalweapons.html+no+tool+or+piece+of+knowledhe+has+an+innate+moral+context&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us .Knobler, Stacy L. , Adel A. F. Mahmoud, and Leslie A. Pray. Biological Threats and Terrorism. Washington DC Institute of Medicine, 2002.Shapiro, Daniel S and Alice S. Weissfeld. Botulism Toxin. Sentinel Laboratory Guidelines for Suspected Agents of Bioterrorism 21 July 2007 .

The Euro and the European Union :: Politics Economics

The Euro and the European Union Many people would agree that Europe is a continent in which regions identify with each other even if they are not part of the same country. For that reason, as well as others, in 1957 the accordance of Rome declared a common European market as a European objective with the aim of increasing economic prosperity and alter to an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe (www.euro.ecb.int). Later, in 1986 and then in 1992, the Single European Act and the Treaty of European Union tried to build on the previous treaty to create a governance in Europe in which one currency could eventually be commitd all oer the land under the heading of the Economic and Monetary Union. (www.euro.ecb.int) However, the question remains, why would the leaders of various European nations want to create one currency when the rights of national sovereignty have always been an issue for countries all over the world. Why, in 1998 did they create the European Central Bank, a nd why in The third stage of EMU... on 1 January 1999, when the exchange rates of the participating currencies were irrevocably set (www.euro.ecb.int) did eleven, and later twelve, countries link themselves economically in a way that has never been done in the first place? The answer lies in history. The need to link separate distinct political communities in order to achieve common objectives is an ancient one (Woodard). One much(prenominal) example is the Greek independent city states that were linked by a league that dealt with economic issues. The same type of league linking towns in Italy can be found in medieval times. (Woodard) Later, The United States made the key breakthrough. The states originally formed a loose relationship with weak central government (the Confederation). They replaced this system with a new constitution in 1789 creating the modern United States and defining federalism in its current sense (Woodard). In doing so, it began a global discussion of the u se of federalism to hold regions, and in particular colonies, together. In September of 1946, Winston Churchill made a speech at Zurich University in which he called for a United States of Europe (www.euro.ecb.int) clearly, this was not a new idea. Churchill thought that by uniting Europe, they would be able to put an end to Europes decline economically in markets that the United States was quickly taking over.

Euthanasia :: Death Ethics Morals Papers

euthanasia Euthanasia is one of the roughly controversial issues affecting all realms of society and needs to be closely examined. In order to turn over deep enough into the issue, the religious, legal, cultural, ethical, medical, and spiritual ramifications of mercy killing from twain proponents and opponents of euthanasia need to be explored. The following discussion of euthanasia will inform battalion well-nigh euthanasia and to help them draw their own conclusions. I. Introduction Euthanasia comes from the Greek and means painless, happy death. Webster defines it as an easy and painless death, or, an act or rule of causing death painlessly so as to destination suffering advocated by some as a way to deal with victims of incurable disease. notwithstanding one more group, the Euthanasia Society, defines euthanasia as termination of human life by painless means for the purpose of ending severe personal suffering. What is euthanasia on a more intimate level? Some call euthanasia mercy killing an others call it murder. Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues affecting all realms of society and needs to be closely examined. In order to delve deep enough into the issue, the religious, legal, cultural, ethical, medical, and spiritual ramifications of euthanasia from both proponents and opponents of euthanasia need to be explored. The following discussion of euthanasia will inform people about euthanasia and to help them draw their own conclusions. What should people know about euthanasia before deciding how they view euthanasia? To clarify matters, there are two types of euthanasia, passive and active. Both have the end result of ending the life of a terminally ill person. Passive euthanasia can range from discontinuing life-sustaining medical treatment (such as removing patients who cannot tinge on their own from a respirator) to giving pain medications such as morphine in amounts that have the side effect of hastening death (6). Active euthanasia is a direct act by a physician or other person that has the purpose of ending a life. It is often done by giving the patient a lethal chemical injection or IV drip or by inhaling a deadly gas (10). Euthanasia is such a controversial topic because it brings forth questions about the morality of killing, the effectiveness of consent, the duties of physicians, and equity in the distribution of resources (1).

The Morality of Atheism Essay -- essays research papers

That there is a divergency between devotion and exampleity is uncontroversial. How can atheism be interpreted as a moralistic alternative? Although religion and morality reflect antithetic values, they are deeply tangled for most individuals. In many cases, a persons moral principles are grounded in religious commitments. In other(a) cases, hatful find the source of morality outside of religion, such as the inherent value of each(prenominal) human beings. My central claim is that atheism alternatively than a theologically based value system offers the moral high ground.      Theism is defined as the touch sensation in a God or Gods. The condition theism is sometimes used to designate the impression in a particular kind of graven image the ad hominem God of mo nonheism save, theism signifies the belief in any god or number of Gods. The prefix a means without, so the term, a-theism literally means without theism, or without belief in a God or Gods. At heism, therefore, is the absence seizure of theistic belief. One who does non believe in the existence of a God or wizard(prenominal) being is properly designated as an freethinker.     Atheism is sometimes defined as the belief that there is no God of any kind, or the claim that a God cannot exist. While these are categories of atheism, they do not exhaust the meaning of atheism, and they are somewhat misleading with respect to the basal nature of atheism. Atheism, in its basic form, is not a belief it is the absence of belief. An atheist is not primarily a person who believes that a god does not exist rather, he does not believe in the existence of a God.          What propels community toward atheism is above all a sense of revulsion against the excesses and failures of organized religion. Atheism is ultimately a worldview of fear a fear, often merited, of what might materialise if religious maniacs were to take ove r the world.The fool says in his heart, " at that place is no God." They are corrupt, they do unspeakable deeds, there is none that does good. (Psalms 14.1)     This passage captures the essence of how the reasonable religious person views atheism. Atheism is probably the least popular and least understood philosophical sit in America today. It is often approached with fear and mistrust, as if one were about to investigate a doctrine that advocates a ... ...imply because it is right, and not because of some ulterior motive. There is no need to create fictions for the purpose of moral motivation and to do what is right because one wants to avoid punishment, whether the punishment take the form of incarceration or eternal damnation. The right thing is for honorable people to act for the sake of a reward, whether that reward is worldly or otherworldly. Moreover, a God who will grant any and all sins does more to promote maltreat acts than any secular p hilosophy. Atheists can avoid these pitfalls since they typically embrace the principle that virtue is its own reward.      However, religion can and does play a meaningful voice in many lives. A great number of individuals lead a morally good living precisely because of their religious commitments. A deeply inhering personal faith can provide one with the strength to face hardship and overcome adversity. want thrives for those who believe an in an omniscient and all-powerful God, but God and religion are form a necessity to act righteously. Believers and nonbelievers need to work in concert to live up to the highest moral standards for society to weather as a whole. The Morality of Atheism Essay -- essays research papers That there is a difference between religion and morality is uncontroversial. How can atheism be interpreted as a moral alternative? Although religion and morality reflect different values, they are deeply tangled for most i ndividuals. In many cases, a persons moral principles are grounded in religious commitments. In other cases, people find the source of morality outside of religion, such as the inherent value of all human beings. My central claim is that atheism rather than a theologically based value system offers the moral high ground.      Theism is defined as the belief in a God or Gods. The term theism is sometimes used to designate the belief in a particular kind of god the personal God of monotheism but, theism signifies the belief in any god or number of Gods. The prefix a means without, so the term, a-theism literally means without theism, or without belief in a God or Gods. Atheism, therefore, is the absence of theistic belief. One who does not believe in the existence of a God or supernatural being is properly designated as an atheist.     Atheism is sometimes defined as the belief that there is no God of any kind, or the claim that a God cannot exi st. While these are categories of atheism, they do not exhaust the meaning of atheism, and they are somewhat misleading with respect to the basic nature of atheism. Atheism, in its basic form, is not a belief it is the absence of belief. An atheist is not primarily a person who believes that a god does not exist rather, he does not believe in the existence of a God.          What propels people toward atheism is above all a sense of revulsion against the excesses and failures of organized religion. Atheism is ultimately a worldview of fear a fear, often merited, of what might happen if religious maniacs were to take over the world.The fool says in his heart, "There is no God." They are corrupt, they do abominable deeds, there is none that does good. (Psalms 14.1)     This passage captures the essence of how the average religious person views atheism. Atheism is probably the least popular and least understood philoso phical position in America today. It is often approached with fear and mistrust, as if one were about to investigate a doctrine that advocates a ... ...imply because it is right, and not because of some ulterior motive. There is no need to create fictions for the purpose of moral motivation and to do what is right because one wants to avoid punishment, whether the punishment take the form of incarceration or eternal damnation. The right thing is for honorable people to act for the sake of a reward, whether that reward is worldly or otherworldly. Moreover, a God who will forgive any and all sins does more to promote wrong acts than any secular philosophy. Atheists can avoid these pitfalls since they typically embrace the principle that virtue is its own reward.      However, religion can and does play a meaningful role in many lives. A great number of individuals lead a morally good life precisely because of their religious commitments. A deeply ingrained persona l faith can provide one with the strength to face hardship and overcome adversity. Hope thrives for those who believe an in an omniscient and all-powerful God, but God and religion are form a necessity to act righteously. Believers and nonbelievers need to work together to live up to the highest moral standards for society to survive as a whole.

The Science and Myth behind Phrenology Essay -- Biology Essays

The Science and Myth behind PhrenologyPhrenology is a phenomenon that attempts to relate ones personality and mental capabilities with the form and structure of ones skull. This lore became popular in the nineteenth century as the Eugenics movement gained widespread approval. In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, the reference to Phrenology is apparent in the scene where Marlow visits the doctor. thence with a certain eagerness the doctor solicited me whether I would let him measure my head. Rather surprisedhe produced a thing like calipers. I the doctor always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there the African jungle.He gave me a searching glance, and made another note. Ever any madness in your family? he asked, in a matter-of-fact tome. I felt very annoyed. Is that question in the interests of science, too? (Conrad 13). As it can be inferred, Marlow patronizes the doctor by implying that Phrenology is not a scientific practic e because it cannot be used to determine the psychologcal fitness of an individual. Regardless, the spectacle of this practice in the late 1900s most likely gave Conrad the impetus to compose this parodied scene, which depicts Phrenology as a baseless science however, the practice is not wholly baseless. The founder of Phrenology, Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall, determined the existence of a relationship amidst the morphology of the skull and the human character (Peter 1). Franz asserted that the brain is responsible for a humans mental capacities. He attempted to prove this assessment by making statementsfound in his chief work, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and ... ...d the movement to justify their White supremacist, Aryan revolution. Fascist ideologies like national socialism have misused some elements of craniometry in the framework of their infamous racist doctrines (Peter 3). As a result of this misuse of Phrenology, it lost muc h of the scientific evaluate it hand gained in Western Civilization to the emerging field of psycho-analysis, whose father, Sigmund Freud, believed that the objectivity of Phrenology was limited because of its lack of introspection. Regardless of Phrenologys disgraced past, it can still be regarded as a well-founded science that has an objective groundwork for assessing the importance of self-knowledge, self-achievement, education, and human relationships (Peter 4) in human development. Works CitedPeter, Van den Bosche. Phrenology. http//134.184.33.110/phreno/intro21.html. 05 October 2002.

Rap/Hip-Hop: The Effects on Today’s Youth Essay

Abstract ping/Hip-Hop first became popular among African American and Latinos among youth in the streets of New York during the 1970s. It was their office of expressing themselves in a friendly manner in the form of speech, fashion, and personal style. bump/Hip-Hop symphony was a way for them to get their message out, by telling stories of their lifestyles. However, over the years Rap/Hip-Hop medicine has become much more popular for its decl atomic number 18d lyrics, reference of drugs, alcohol and sexual obvious videos. Many may ask Could Rap/Hip-Hop melody view a invalidating influence on like a shots youth, because of its windburnt messages? This research paper will examine the effects of shock/hip-hop harmony on todays youth and whether or not it has a forbid influence.Brenda L. Williams-CapersProfessor Dana TaylorEnglish Composition IIDecember 11, 2011Over the years many researchers piss conducted studies on the effects of rap/hip-hop on todays youth. The results have been mixed however there are indications that some forms of Rap/Hip-Hop music could have negative influence on todays youth. This is due to the fact that youth start to adapt the negative aspects of the gangster rap, by displaying aggressive behaviors and committing crimes of forcefulness. Rap gets a bad rap because some songs contain explicit lyrics, drugs, alcohol and sex.A study conducted by Ralph J. DiClemente (2003) indicated that teen girls who spend more than 14 hours per week watching the sex and violence depicted in the reel life of gangster rap music videos are more likely to practice these behaviors in real life. Also, this study suggested that those teens were besides three times more likely to hit a teacher, over 2.5 times more likely to get arrested, twice as likely to have multiple sexual partners, and 1.5 times more likely to get a sexually transmitted disease, use drugs, or drink alcohol. This is an indication that todays youth that listen to these songs ov er and over again for long period of times could have behavior and aggressive issues.Tanner (2009) indicated that there is a sentience of injustice that rap is often said to involve young people with the police and courts. The study also indicates that youth who listen to rap music have a stronger connection to property crimes than the crimes of violence, and the likelihood of committing those crimes are probably increased by poverty rather than listening to rap/hip-hop music.In a radio broadcast, Ed. Gordon (2006) mentioned two studies which addressed the effect that rap music has on todays youth. The first study conducted by The Prevention Research tenderness of the Pacific instituted for Research and Evaluation in Berkeley, Calif., indicated that rap songs were linked to alcohol addictions, drug use, and violence among youth. Also, a study conducted by The Center on alcohol Marketing and Youth, Georgetown University, also suggested that youths are exposure to alcohol thought t argeted marketing advertising for beer and ale by 66 percent for youth between the age of 12-20 and 81 percent market exposure to distilled spirits.Nearly two-thirds of rap songs mentioned illicit drugs and nearly half of rap songs mentioned alcohol compared to other types of music. The overexposure to alcohol was connected to cognacs and brandies, both which are linked lyrics in hip-hop and rap music, which rappers glorify and advertise in their songs. Rap music is also used to advertise clothing, sneakers, and cars. Rappers are walking billboards and todays youth want that same swagger.Cited in The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter (2003), a study was conducted by a grouping of researchers from Iowa State University and The Texas Department of Human Services who examined over 500 students who had listened to seven hazardous songs and eight non-violent songs. This study measured students aggressive thoughts and their feelings. The results were that violent son gs led to more aggressive interpretation of volumes that also increased the speed in which the students read aggressive vs. non-aggressive works and increased the proportion of word fragments that filled in to quarter aggressive words. Their study also indicated that the violent songs increased violent thoughts causing youth to act out.The popularity of Rap/Hip-Hop music and Hip/Hop styles has straightaway reached the Middle East. Iraqis youth in are now starting to imitate hip-hop lifestyles of American soldiers. Youth have now started to adapt hip-hop styles such as, dancing, wearing baggy pants, slangy English, and cutting $ signs into their close cropped hair. Tattoos are now also becoming popular among Iraqis youth. This goes against Islams strictures on baring their skin. Not all Iraqis welcome the culture of the American Hip/Hop style, because they feel that Iraqis youth are now beginning to reject power and other forbidden behaviors, like engaging in forbidden love affai rs. Iraqis youth feel that their eyes are now open to the outside man since living under Saddam Husseins dictatorship. Iraqis youth are now also starting to use the internet and are watching major planet TV, which allows them better understanding of American cultures, both collateral and negative aspects.In a book written by Michael Dyson, Reflecting Black African-American Cultural Criticism. He addressed the question Is Rap music really as dangerous as many critics argue Michael Dyson (1993) states that Rap music is a form of gravid musical, cultural, and social creativity. He also stated that Rap music expresses the desire of young black people to reclaim their history. He defenses the negative impact on Rap/ Hip-hop music, which the general public claims that Rap/Hip-Hop expresses and causes violence among youth. It is in his opinion that many rappers have spoken against the violence in Rap/Hip-Hop.Rappers KRS-One spoke against black on black crimes in a song titled Stop the Violence and Self Destruction. Rapper KRS-One wanted youths to watch that not all Rap/Hip-Hop music called for violence behavior among youth. Also, rappers such as Will Smith and his partner DJ Jazzy Jeff rapped cocksure messages to youth about having fun in the summer time, not glorifying drugs, alcohol or sex. Some feel that rap can be negative and positive on todays youth. Michael Dyson (1993) feels that Rap/Hip-Hop music is getting a bad rap. Could that be true, or is Rap/Hip-Hop really unhealthy for todays youth?Over the years research, books and studied have been conducted to determine if violent and explicit lyrics in Rap/Hip-Hop music really causes or promotes violence in todays youth. Since its beginning in the 1970s Rap/Hip-Hop has gone from being fun to listen to now being a explicit rated albums. In todays time Rap/Hip-Hop glorifies drugs, violence, and sex at an alarming rate. instantlys youth are also embracing the lifestyles of rappers in their language and attitu des, with their want of money, cars, drugs and alcohol that rappers talk about in their lyrics causing them to become conservative teenagers.What must we do as concerned parents? We must be aware of what our children are watching and listening to. Parents must be involved in what their children are purchasing and they must ask questions to understand what their children are experiencing. In the 1990s C. Dolores started a crusade to stop the sale of offensive rap music to minors. Mrs. beat outspokenness earned her enemies, however she remained relentless with her crusade against what is called gangster rap. Her concerns were that the lyrics were misogynistic and threatened the moral foundation of the African American community.ConclusionRap/Hip-Hop music became popular in the 70s, since than it has changed the world youth in every corner of the globe have adopted the culture, the speech and the style. Because Rap/Hip-Hop music has become so popular, many people think that this type of music is making todays youth more violent, due to the glorification of violent, explicit language, sex, disrespect for authority, and disrespect towards women. Just as parents teach their kids not to do drug, they should also teach their kids that rapper is only for entertainment, it is a business for rappers to sale albums to make money. It is a business for them. It is all about album sales. We should all follow Mrs. Tuckers example by taking a stand against anything that could have a negative effective on our youth. Rappers should realize that they are role models to most of our youth and stop thinking about their pockets.ReferencesDiClemente, R.J., Wingood, G.M., Bernhardt, J.M., Robillard, A., Harrington, K., Davies, S.L., and Hook, E.W. A Prospective Study of Exposure of Rap Music Videos and African American Female Adolescents Health. American Journal of Public Health. (2003). Dyson, M.E., Reflecting Black African-American Cultural Criticism. Minneapolis, MN, USA Universit y of Minnesota, 1993 p.38 Gordon, E., N News, News & Notes, 8 whitethorn 2006Tanner, J. Asbridge, M. & Wortley, S. (2009). Listening to Rap Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance. Social Forces, 88(2) 693-722. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 2003 www.newblackmagizine.com